My only "encounter" with Arnold Gehlen was on the pages of Criticon: He was the subject of the Autorenportrat in the first issue of the review; I was the subject in the second. This is not much, yet I have mentally "conversed" with him several times, thereafter as a conservative social anthropologist. I employ conservative both as a term of praise and disagreement. Facing his progressive colleagues, a conservative social philosopher is one who does not indulge in wishful imaginings that he presents as the inevitable future of mankind. At the same time, he runs the risk of becoming intellectually rigid when he assumes that man, less plastic than the evolutionists believe, is determined by successive civilizational forms, from that of the hunter-gatherers to postindustrial society.
Gehlen is part of a school of thought whose members divide history--not l'histoire evenementielle but sociotechnical history--into boxes, then shuffle their contents and are visibly annoyed when the cards from one box spill over to another box. A good illustration of this method of over classification is found in the works of the cultural anthropologist Pitirim Sorokin who involves himself in so many cross-references that the reader finally loses the line of argument and can only hold on to a few passages for their illustrative value.
In the above paragraph, I tried to unmask the scholarly processes of these men when I called their professional object "sociotechnical history." It seems to me that most, if not all, of these admirable thinkers are over impressed by our "age of technology," and have become its victims in the sense that they regard it as the end of history, culture, and the human condition. To be sure, this view may be more defensible than that of their progressive colleagues. These latter are similarly overimpressed but build temples to technology, congratulating each other that they can now pray at the same shrine, members of the same ultimate cult. Gehlen and his colleagues were less naïve; they did not like what they saw. Yet they, too, considered technological civilization as the ultimate human achievement, though perhaps in the negative sense, as if man's being turned into a machine were inscribed in the natural order of things.
History As Positive Achievement
What can one do after reaching such a conclusion? Two possibilities are left. One is given by the pessimistic historian Oswald Spengler: the replaying of the whole scenario from infancy to senility in some other geographical setting, endlessly. The fatalism of this process shuts off all discussion. The other possibility was explored by Gehlen: the explanation of our supposedly final civilizational shape as seen in reference to former ages, now perceived as approaches to the present level of mechanized living. Facing Spengler's picture of a cyclical history, Gehlen declares the course of history irreversible and, as such, a positive achievement.
The French philosopher Henri Bergson at least contemplated a pair of alternatives, one of them negative, and the other positive. The élan vital had two choices, one of which ended in the cul-de-sac of perfect but mechanized instincts (the lepidoptera); the other of which flowed in the direction of an incalculable freedom and in the direction of man--the open intelligence, the creative artist, mystic, saint. Gehlen, however, insists on basic human constants--stability, regularity, and domination over
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